Snow By Orhan Pamuk Final Paper - 1371 Words

Snow Orphan Pamuk – Final Paper Snow by Orhan Pamuk is a story set in the volatility of a small Turkish town called Kars, which is just off the Turkish border. The city of Kars is currently in a battle between tradition and change and religion and modern atheist, all set in the beautiful, but sometimes treacherous beauty of a border city during a winter snowstorm. Ka is an exiled poet, who has returned to Turkey because of the death of his mother. Ka travels to the northern city of Kars to visit someone he knew in college and admired from afar Ipek. He uses the excuse of being a journalist sent to the city to write about the recent suicides of young girls and the upcoming mayoral election. While in Kars, Ka is immediately caught up in the events of the town, and has the opportunity to meet with governing bodies and families of the suicide victims. This paper will explore the idea of Islamic feminism in the context of Kars and the relationship between state authority, disobedience, and individual freedom. In Snow, Ka, the protagonist identifies the suicide girls and the ones who are against taking off their hijabs as â€Å"Islamic Feminists, which means, Islamic feminists ground their arguments in Islam and its teachings, seek the full equality of women and men in the personal and public sphere, and can include non-Muslims in the discourse and debate. In Snow, the headscarves controversy overshadowed turkey and the modernized state, the secularist elites implement secularism by

What Everybody Is Saying About University of Illinois Essay Samples Is Wrong and Why

What Everybody Is Saying About University of Illinois Essay Samples Is Wrong and Why The Argument About University of Illinois Essay Samples Therefore, it's important to determine key individuals to request letters of recommendation from. Make an outline of the significant points about the topic. Make an outline, write a great first draft, and edit a number of times. Start writing the paper and compose the very first draft to start the work properly. The Basics of University of Illinois Essay Samples There are not many critical requirements to compose an academic paper that never allow you to take assistance from thesis correction online tools. The essay part of the application is essential since it gives us further insight into who you are and who you are interested in being. The second part of your paper is the evidence you've researched and analyzed as a way to support the position you've taken. 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Business Plan for Saturation Inc.

Question: Describe about the Business Plan for Saturation Inc.? Answer: Background of Company Saturation Inc. is an Australian based firm which is situated in Bronte. The company is involved in supply of grocery products to big retailers houses from past several years. The increase in the number of supplier of grocery products in the area has lead to declination into the profit percentage of the company and their some retailers have shifted to those suppliers that provides product at low cost. Therefore, Saturation Inc. has decided to penetrate into the field of organic grocery store to attract local residents and visitors. The company has taken such decision as there is not much of organic grocery store in the area. The Saturation Inc. has forecasted that they can be able to increase their profit margin and can cover of the losses that have been registered from less supply of grocery products in markets. Moreover, the company will include distinct menu, hard to find grocery products from around the globe. Mission of Saturation Inc The mission of the company is to deliver upscale organic grocery store to the visitors and local customers and delicatessen. The deli will be composed of serving the salads, sandwiches, picnic lunches, quality and hard to find drinks. The gift items will also be served in the store to gain large customers. Moreover, the store will hold all fresh and quality organic products both vegetables and non-veg. Products and Services The Saturation Inc. is planning to include products and services that are organic groceries, gifts and delicatessen in the store. In context to organic grocery, the company will engage high standard grocery from Australia, Asia, Mexico, United States and Europe and locally. The items that will be included in the organic grocery are spreads, oils, rice, cheese, peppers, meats, chocolates, hard to find candies and desserts, etc (Abrams, 2010). On the other hand, in case of gifts item, the Saturation Inc. will comprise the items such as picnic items, kitchen wares, sewn jewelry, and cookbooks and also gift baskets will be made available too in the grocery store. Apart from that, the delicatessen section will provide dinner, lunch and breakfast. Therefore, the menu will offer salads, drinks, soups, sandwiches, soups, desserts and other frozen meals. The breakfast menu and picnic lunches will also be offered. Thus, the biscotti, quiche and scones will be provided in the breakfast menu whe reas frozen meals, homemade breads, sandwiches, daily specials, etc. will be offered in lunch or dinner menu (Barringer, 2010). Moreover, tea juice, soda and quality coffee from all over the globe will be offered all day. The visitors or travelers will be provided picnic lunches. Industry Analysis The market of organic grocery store in other parts of Australia such as Sydney, Melbourne, Queensland is doing quite well and people are satisfied with the organic grocery product as it helps in enhancing their health quality (Bird, 2010). It is evident from the Australian Organic Market Report of 2012 than organic grocery market will grow by 64% in 2017. The growth in the organic grocery store has helped many companies such Woolworth to increase their sale by 36%. Therefore, it can be assumed that there is a great opportunity for the Saturation Inc. to penetrate into organic grocery store in the untapped area of Bronte. On the other hand, the total sale that has been acknowledged from organic grocery product is $1.27 billion in 2012 (Drummond, Ensor, and Ashford, 2012). Thus, there has significant growth in the organic grocery store since 2005 which ensures that customers are more willing to consume organic product. Year Sales Growth 2005 5% 2006 9% 2007 12% 2008 16% 2009 19% 2010 22% 2011 24% 2012 27% 2013 32% 2014 44% Table 1: Organic Product Sales Growth in Australia Market Analysis The major target market of the company would be people that are residents of Bronte and searching for superior quality ingredients in order to prepare national as well as international cuisine (Finch, 2010). Further, the surrounding businesses will be targeted that are looking for delicious meal for their staff members and customers. On the other hand, travelers both from domestic and international that visits Bronte will be targeted and also families all over the world can be taken in account. Market Segmentation The marketer of Saturation Inc found that there are around 120 businesses in Bronte that can become potential customers of the company. Therefore, in the starting phase, the company can account 20% that can ensure 10% hike every year. On the other hand, as per the report of 2011Australian Census, there are 6827 residents in Bronte and there is a projection that it will grow by 3% in next eight years. Therefore, the company has compounded on residents as their major target group (Gandellini, Pezzi, and Venanzi, 2012). Moreover, the number of visitors has been estimated on the basis of report of Pump-house Point that in 2011, around 737,342 people on an average visited the point each year (Hajro, 2012). Therefore, the targeted market will help the company in increasing the sales and improving the brand equity. However, the major sales the company can generate from local residents as they will decide the success of the company. Target Market Segmentation Strategy It is understood that from last several there has been significant hike in the explorations of gourmet goods and foreign products in Australia. Therefore, the company has focused on developing strategy to provide effective service to the targeted audiences. The residents of Bronte visit to other cities to buy the gourmet or luxury items which are not available in the market of Bronte. Therefore, setting up an organic grocery store will help the residents save their time and buy the products without travelling to other places (Heagney, 2012). Thus, in order to target the market, the company can use media and placing hoarding at different locations of Bronte so that people can become aware about the organic grocery store. Market Growth The company has a belief that adopted products and services will help them to gain market in Bronte. The market will ensure growth of the store and customers can be attracted to visit the stores. The Australian Retail Sales of Beverages and gourmet 2001 to 2010 shows following growth, Product Classification 2001 ($) 2006 ($) Compound Annual Growth Rate (2001-2006) 2010 ($) Compound Annual Growth Rate (2006-2010) Compound Annual Growth Rate (2001-2010) Cheese and Condiments 4230 5435 6.5% 7252 5.9% 6.2% Confectionary and Beverages 9904 14700 10.4% 22701 9.1% 9.6% Ready to eat meals and gourmet foods 8000 10100 6.0% 13516 6.0% 6.0% Total 22134 30235 8.1% 43469 7.5% 7.8% Market Trends The market trends of Australia can be understood through retail sales of beverages and gourmet foods from 2007 to 2012 on the basis of outlets Outlet Type Sales (%) Gourmet and specialty stores 34.3% Warehouse Club 4.9% Supermarkets and grocery stores 44.6% All other Outlets 16.2% Therefore, from above data, it can be understood that people of Australia are developing interest to buy upscale food products. The gourmet and organic grocery products is helping the people to improve their health status and find stability in their health. The people search quality products as they become highly educated and improvement in the living standards has made people to purchase quality organic products (MacMillan and Venkataraman, 2009). Strategy and Implementation The main strategy that can be adopted by the company is by exploiting the benefits of company over the competition so that growth can be registered. The company will place all the products in the stores that are organically grown so that the trust of the customers can be won over the quality. Competitive Edge: In order to gain competitive edge, the location has to be well tapped. The store can be located in the main market of Bronte as most number of customer visit the main market area to purchase the required product. Moreover, it will be a convenience factor for customers and they may be willing to spend more if the required products are easily available (Marburger, 2012). Therefore, placing high quality organic grocery product in store will ensure competitive advantage. Marketing Strategy: In order to attract the consumers and visitors in the store, the company can use strategy such advertisement through local newspapers, sending flyers via mail, promotional drink glasses and yellow pages (Mackay and Wilmshurst, 2012). Therefore, it can be effective in making people aware about the store. On the other hand, free samples of products can be distributed among the customers as it will help in creating an image in the mind of the customers. Sales Strategy: The Company will be focusing on forming an environment that will force the customers to visit the store again and again. Therefore, a friendly and comfortable atmosphere will be developed that can satisfy the expectation of consumers. On the other hand, the pricing strategy will be accordance with the market rate and discount will be provided on buying bulk amount (Goksoy and Ozsoy, 2007). The price of the product and services will not be above the market price and moreover, the company can decrease the price for regular customers. Apart from that, the company will engage employee that will provide high standard service to the customers and visitors in stores (Dess, 2012). Strategic Alliances: The Saturation Inc can associate with local businesses such as restaurants, outfitters and hotels as it will help the company in increasing sales. On the other hand, the relationship can too be formed with the local product growers in order to receive fresh products to stock in store (Clarke, 2010). Management Summary The management of the Saturation Inc. will have a capacity of 50 staffs that will take up the responsibility of the organic grocery store in due manner. The company can have two managers, three merchandise managers, three book keepers and rest of the staff involved in serving clients and recruiting people and delivering the products. Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Managers 50000 50000 54000 60000 Accounting/Books 3000 4000 4000 5000 Cooks/Kitchen 11000 11000 13000 14000 Merchandise Manager 30000 32000 36000 40000 Other Staffs 25000 25000 28000 28000 Total Payroll 119000 122000 135000 147000 Personal Plan Figure 1: Company Structure of Saturation Inc. Financial Plan Profit and Loss Projection Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Revenue Gross revenue $496,000 $505,920 $526,157 $557,726 $602,344 Cost of goods sold 174,400 177,888 185,004 196,104 211,792 Gross margin $321,600 $328,032 $341,153 $361,622 $390,552 Other revenue [source] $0 $0 $10,000 $0 $0 Interest income $900 $0 $0 $0 $0 Total revenue $322,500 $328,032 $351,153 $361,622 $390,552 Operating expenses Sales and marketing $39,000 $39,780 $41,371 $43,853 $47,362 Payroll and payroll taxes 59,000 $60,180 $62,587 $66,342 $71,650 Depreciation 36,000 36,720 37,440 38,160 38,880 Insurance 38,000 $38,760 $40,310 $42,729 $46,147 Maintenance, repair, and overhaul 13,500 13,770 14,040 14,310 14,580 Utilities 29,000 $29,580 $30,763 $32,609 $35,218 Property taxes 14,000 $14,280 $14,851 $15,742 $17,002 Administrative fees 17,000 $17,340 $18,034 $19,116 $20,645 Other 4,000 $4,080 $4,243 $4,498 $4,858 Total operating expenses $249,500 $254,490 $263,640 $277,360 $296,341 Operating income $73,000 $73,542 $87,513 $84,263 $94,212 Interest expense on long-term debt 4,038 3,224 2,369 1,471 528 Operating income before other items $68,962 $70,318 $85,144 $82,792 $93,683 Loss (gain) on sale of assets 0 0 1,000 0 0 Other unusual expenses (income) 0 0 0 0 0 Earnings before taxes $68,962 $70,318 $86,144 $82,792 $93,683 Taxes on income (30%) 20,689 21,095 25,843 24,838 28,105 Net income (loss) $48,273 $49,223 $60,301 $57,954 $65,578 Cash Flow Projection Activities Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Operating activities Net income $48,273 $49,223 $60,301 $57,954 $65,578 $281,330 Depreciation 36,000 36,720 37,440 38,160 38,880 187,200 Accounts receivable 0 0 0 0 0 0 Inventories 0 0 0 0 0 0 Accounts payable 0 1,000 0 (1,500) 0 (500) Amortization 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other liabilities 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other operating cash flow items 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total operating activities $84,273 $86,943 $97,741 $94,614 $104,458 $468,030 Investing activities Capital expenditures $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Acquisition of business 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sale of fixed assets $0 $0 ($1,000) $0 $0 (1,000) Other investing cash flow items 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total investing activities $0 $0 ($1,000) $0 $0 ($1,000) Financing activities Long-term debt/financing $83,712 ($67,102) $7,043 $31,145 ($94,798) ($40,000) Preferred stock 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total cash dividends paid 0 0 0 0 0 0 Common stock 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other financing cash flow items 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total financing activities $83,712 ($67,102) $7,043 $31,145 ($94,798) ($40,000) Cumulative cash flow $167,985 $19,841 $103,784 $125,759 $9,660 $427,030 Beginning cash balance $60,000 $227,985 $247,826 $351,610 $477,369 Ending cash balance $227,985 $247,826 $351,610 $477,369 $487,030 Balance Sheet Particulars Initial balance Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Assets Cash and short-term investments $60,000 $227,985 $247,826 $351,610 $477,369 $487,030 Accounts receivable 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 Total inventory 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 Prepaid expenses 0 0 0 0 0 0 Deferred income tax 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other current assets 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 Total current assets $94,000 $261,985 $281,826 $385,610 $511,369 $521,030 Buildings $90,000 $90,000 $90,000 $90,000 $90,000 $90,000 Land 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 Capital improvements 0 0 0 0 0 0 Machinery and equipment 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 Less: Accumulated depreciation expense 0 36,000 72,720 110,160 148,320 187,200 Net property/equipment $280,000 $244,000 $207,280 $169,840 $131,680 $92,800 Goodwill $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Deferred income tax 0 0 0 0 0 0 Long-term investments 0 0 0 0 0 0 Deposits 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other long-term assets 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total assets $374,000 $505,985 $489,106 $555,450 $643,049 $613,830 Liabilities Initial balance Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Accounts payable $2,000 $2,000 $3,000 $3,000 $1,500 $1,500 Accrued expenses 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes payable/short-term debt 0 0 0 0 0 0 Capital leases 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other current liabilities 100 100 100 100 100 100 Total current liabilities $2,100 $2,100 $3,100 $3,100 $1,600 $1,600 Long-term debt from loan payment calculator $90,000 $73,712 $56,610 $38,653 $19,798 $0 Other long-term debt $100,000 $200,000 $150,000 $175,000 $225,000 $150,000 Total debt $192,100 $275,812 $209,710 $216,753 $246,398 $151,600 Other liabilities 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total liabilities $92,100 $75,812 $59,710 $41,753 $21,398 $1,600 Equity Initial balance Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Owner's equity (common) $60,000 $60,000 $60,000 $60,000 $60,000 $60,000 Paid-in capital 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 Preferred equity 0 0 0 0 0 0 Retained earnings 0 48,273 97,496 157,797 215,751 281,330 Total equity $310,000 $358,273 $407,496 $467,797 $525,751 $591,330 Total liabilities and equity $402,100 $434,085 $467,206 $509,550 $547,149 $592,930 Loan Payment Annual interest rate 5.0% Monthly rate 0.41% Loan amount $90,000 Term of loan (months) 60 Payment ($1,693.84) Month Principal balance Principal payment Interest Payment 1 $90,000 ($1,327) ($367) ($1,694) 2 88,673 (1,333) (361) ($1,694) 3 87,340 (1,338) (356) ($1,694) 4 86,002 (1,343) (350) ($1,694) 5 84,659 (1,349) (345) ($1,694) 6 83,310 (1,354) (339) ($1,694) 7 81,955 (1,360) (334) ($1,694) 8 80,596 (1,365) (328) ($1,694) 9 79,230 (1,371) (323) ($1,694) 10 77,859 (1,377) (317) ($1,694) 11 76,482 (1,382) (312) ($1,694) 12 75,100 (1,388) (306) ($1,694) 13 73,712 (1,394) (300) ($1,694) 14 72,319 (1,399) (295) ($1,694) 15 70,920 (1,405) (289) ($1,694) 16 69,515 (1,411) (283) ($1,694) 17 68,104 (1,416) (277) ($1,694) 18 66,688 (1,422) (272) ($1,694) 19 65,266 (1,428) (266) ($1,694) 20 63,838 (1,434) (260) ($1,694) 21 62,404 (1,440) (254) ($1,694) 22 60,964 (1,445) (248) ($1,694) 23 59,519 (1,451) (242) ($1,694) 24 58,067 (1,457) (237) ($1,694) 25 56,610 (1,463) (231) ($1,694) 26 55,147 (1,469) (225) ($1,694) 27 53,678 (1,475) (219) ($1,694) 28 52,203 (1,481) (213) ($1,694) 29 50,721 (1,487) (207) ($1,694) 30 49,234 (1,493) (201) ($1,694) 31 47,741 (1,499) (195) ($1,694) 32 46,242 (1,505) (188) ($1,694) 33 44,736 (1,512) (182) ($1,694) 34 43,225 (1,518) (176) ($1,694) 35 41,707 (1,524) (170) ($1,694) 36 40,183 (1,530) (164) ($1,694) 37 38,653 (1,536) (157) ($1,694) 38 37,117 (1,543) (151) ($1,694) 39 35,574 (1,549) (145) ($1,694) 40 34,025 (1,555) (139) ($1,694) 41 32,470 (1,562) (132) ($1,694) 42 30,908 (1,568) (126) ($1,694) 43 29,340 (1,574) (120) ($1,694) 44 27,766 (1,581) (113) ($1,694) 45 26,185 (1,587) (107) ($1,694) 46 24,598 (1,594) (100) ($1,694) 47 23,005 (1,600) (94) ($1,694) 48 21,404 (1,607) (87) ($1,694) 49 19,798 (1,613) (81) ($1,694) 50 18,185 (1,620) (74) ($1,694) 51 16,565 (1,626) (67) ($1,694) 52 14,939 (1,633) (61) ($1,694) 53 13,306 (1,640) (54) ($1,694) 54 11,666 (1,646) (48) ($1,694) 55 10,020 (1,653) (41) ($1,694) 56 8,367 (1,660) (34) ($1,694) 57 6,707 (1,667) (27) ($1,694) 58 5,040 (1,673) (21) ($1,694) 59 3,367 (1,680) (14) ($1,694) 60 1,687 (1,687) (7) ($1,694) 61 0 0 (0) $0 62 0 0 (0) $0 References Abrams, R. (2010). Successful business plan. Palo Alto, Calif.: The Planning Shop. Baligh, H. H. (2007) Organization Structures: Theory and Design, Analysis and Prescription, 5th ed. Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag. Barringer, B. (2010) Managing Your New Business' Finances, 4th ed. New Jersey: Person Education Barrow, C. (2011) Practical Financial Management: A Guide to Business planning and budgeting, 8th ed. London: Kogan Page Limited Bird, P. (2010). Write the perfect business plan. London: Teach Yourself. Boone, L. (2012). Contemporary marketing, 2013 update. [s.l.]: Cengage learning custom p. Brennan, R. and Brennan, R. (2008). Contemporary strategic marketing. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Clarke, G. (2010) Business Start Up and Future Planning, Bringhton: Emerald Publishing Cones, J. (2010). Business plans for filmmakers. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Dess, G. (2012). Strategic management. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Dess, G. and Lumpkin, G. (2009) Strategic Management: Creating Competitive Advantages. 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill Education. Drummond, G., Ensor, J. and Ashford, R. (2012) Strategic Marketing: Planning and Control, 4th ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Finch, B. (2010). How to write a business plan. London: Kogan Page. Furnham, A. (2012). The engaging manager. New York: Macmillan. Gandellini, G., Pezzi, A. and Venanzi, D. (2012). Strategy for Action - I. Milano: Springer Milan. Goksoy, A., and Ozsoy, B., (2007). Business Process Reengineering: Strategic Tool for Managing Organizational Change an Application in a Multinational Company. International Journal of Business and Management, 22: 256-264. Hajro, A. (2012). Multinational Teams: How Team Interactions Mediate Between Cultural Differences and Team Performance. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2012(1), pp.1-1. Heagney, J. (2012). Fundamentals of project management. New York: American Management Association. Mackay, A. and Wilmshurst, J. (2012). Fundamentals and Practice of Marketing. Hoboken: Taylor Francis. MacMillan, I. C. and Venkataraman, S. (2009) "Defining and developing competence: A strategic process paradigm." Strategic Management Journal, 16, 251-275. Marburger, D. (2012). How strong is your firm's competitive advantage?. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press.

Summary of chapters 3,4 5 of the book The Economics of Women, Men, and Work by Blau, Ferber Winkler Essay Example

Summary of chapters 3,4 5 of the book The Economics of Women, Men, and Work by Blau, Ferber Winkler Essay Chapter 3 of the book is titled The Family as an Economic Unit. Here the authors discuss the importance of the concept of family for the functioning of neoclassical economic models. In the United States and other Western capitalist democracies, the neoclassical economics is the dominant paradigm for analysis and policy. In this context, it is interesting to study the institution of family from an economic viewpoint. While neoclassical economics sees the individual citizen as the basic unit among consumers, the family is the next immediate consumer unit. But herein lies a contradiction. For example, for the prevailing economic model to work one has to believe that individuals act as self-serving consumers. But families are founded on the notion of group-interest as opposed to self-interest, whereby one member of the family should forgo some of his/her wants for the sake of family’s wellbeing. Data gathered over the last century has shown that the family has remained a r esilient economic unit despite constant challenges to its existence. Similarly, the advantages associated with division of labor, which is a key aspect of neo-classical theory, does not hold up in certain circumstances. Of late, traditional beliefs about division of responsibilities between senior members of the family is also challenged. As societies have become more technological and the process of globalization accelerates, the meaning and scope of ‘division of labor’ within a family also undergoes a change. For example, the greater participation of women in the labor market, and the increasing rates of divorce in advanced societies undermine theories pertaining to the family as an economic unit. Women are also more aware of the risks associated with being economically dependent on their husbands. As societies become more liberal and free, many of the conventional institutional structures and economic theories based on them would be dismantled. Despite these changes, women continue to shoulder a major share of household responsib ilities. In the future, factors such as the availability and affordability of day care and elder care facilities would determine the nature and functioning of family as an economic unit. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of chapters 3,4 5 of the book The Economics of Women, Men, and Work by Blau, Ferber Winkler specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of chapters 3,4 5 of the book The Economics of Women, Men, and Work by Blau, Ferber Winkler specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of chapters 3,4 5 of the book The Economics of Women, Men, and Work by Blau, Ferber Winkler specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Chapter 4 titled Time Allocation Between the Household and the Labor Market offers an in-depth analysis of the relation between these two key aspects of an individual’s life. Statistical analysis of trends in the labor market over the last century shows that while female participation has increased multi-fold (from 20 percent in 1900 to 60 percent at the end of the century), male participation has marginally declined during the same period. And this change in gender roles within the labor market has directly affected the functioning of the household, and the structure of family. The authors then go on to predict how these trends will take shape in the future. Firstly, there is no basis to claims by certain economists that there is a reversing of the trend with respect to female participation in the labor market. Even during the peak years, a certain percentage of employable women have given up their market work for catering to home needs, especially those with young child ren. But there is no indication that more women would adopt this practice in the future. Secondly, the female work force is unlikely to keep up the growth rate seen in the last 50 years. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the female work force has increased by only 2 percent since 2000, which is very small when compared to the robust growth in previous decades. This saturation/plateauing level is likely to be maintained in the foreseeable future. Even in the men’s participation rate there was stability over the last 10 years, with the figure hovering around 75 percent. Another key factor is the ageing populations of the country, where the labor market would be affected by the mass retirement of baby-boomers (of both genders), who had been the economy’s backbone in the period after Second World War. Finally, the authors predict that the differential in labor force participation is to reduce further between men and women. The gap between the male and fe male participation rates, which has reduced from 15 percent in 2000 to 11 percent (approx.) in the last decade is likely to reduce further. Chapter 5 titled Differences in Occupations and Earnings : Overview is a general survey of this aspect of economics. Even among mainstream occupations, some are better paid than others. And as is well known, all professions follow an hierarchy structure for salaries, wherein the senior and more experienced practitioners get better pay than their subordinates. And divergence is observed in the way men and women seek out certain specific occupations. For example, occupations that require technical aptitude are largely comprised of a male workforce – pilots, electricians, firefighters, geologists, truck drivers, etc. Similarly, women embrace occupations such as teachers, receptionists, nurses, speech therapists, cosmetologists, clerks, etc. Overall, adjusting for skill, expertise and work hours put in, men earn more than women. But this disparity has reduced in recent years. Occupational segregation based on gender used to be more rigid fifty years ago compared to what it is today. The gap between male and female earnings too started to close since the late 1970s and has continued till date. Since this trend has plateaued in the last decade, it is unsure whether it will continue in the coming years. Occupational segregation based on race also exists in the United States, but in-depth analysis of this area is made difficult by the fact that the Bureau of Labor Statistics does not have extensive data pertaining to it. Reference: The Economics of Women, Men, and Work, Francine D. Blau, Marianne A. Ferber, Anne E. Winkler, 6th edition, 2006 Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc.